Graphene oxide (GO) is a type of graphite-to-graphene derivative. It is a lamellar material obtained by ultrasonically exfoliating, dispersing, and pulverizing graphite after oxidation. Graphene oxide is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with a single atomic layer thickness. It is composed of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. Its structure contains a variety of oxygen-containing hydrophilic functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and epoxy groups, and exhibits excellent dispersibility in aqueous media. Due to its low preparation cost, excellent film-forming properties, large specific surface area, and ease of functionalization, graphene oxide has broad application prospects in energy storage, batteries, photocatalysis, sensors, water treatment, and other fields. It is also widely used in the modification of foam materials such as polystyrene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polylactic acid, and polymethyl methacrylate.